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ContinuousWave Whaler Moderated Discussion Areas ContinuousWave: Whaler Performance Trim tabs
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Author | Topic: Trim tabs |
Sheila |
posted 11-15-2004 10:44 PM ET (US)
Our new (to us) Revenge 25' W/A has Bennett trim tabs installed. Any rules of thumb for finding the best adjustments in various conditions? Or does one just "goof around" until it feels "right?" |
macfam |
posted 11-15-2004 11:31 PM ET (US)
Sheila, The answer is BOTH! I too have a 25' Revenge W/A, with a single 250hp Yamaha. My rule of thumb: In a following sea: |
LHG |
posted 11-15-2004 11:59 PM ET (US)
On a Whaler Drive 22 or 25 model, you don't need trim tabs, since the Whaler Drive itself is a HUGE trim tab. |
Sheila |
posted 11-16-2004 02:08 AM ET (US)
LHG, am I wrong? I thought outboards didn't have Whaler Drive? |
Sheila |
posted 11-16-2004 02:09 AM ET (US)
Oh, and MacFam, thanks for the hints. Any pictures of your boat? |
Peter |
posted 11-16-2004 08:01 AM ET (US)
Larry, I'm not sure I follow. How does one trim a Whaler drive to correct for listing to port or starboard in the various conditions? Listing is much more significant on a Revenge with a higher center of gravity and a large "sail" area than it is on the center console Outrage. Sheila, You will find that you will need to adjust the tabs in various conditions as Macfam says. In addition to that you'll probably find that your Whaler will lean or list into the wind when you are on a tack that is not into the wind. The windier the conditions, the more it will list. The reason for this is that to maintain your course, you actually have to steer into the wind and when you do that the boat banks in the direction of the steering input just as it does when making any turn. When the boat leans or lists into the wind, the hard chine tends to bang on the waves making the ride uncomfortable at times. To reduce this, slowly drop the windward tab down until the listing has been removed. The windward trim tab will tend to act as a shock absorber. Because there is usually a little bit of a delay between the tab actuation and the boat reaching a new equilibrium, when I use the tabs, I will typically push the up or down button for about a count of "one" or "two" and then release and let the boat adjust. If it needs further trimming, do it again. Macfam, you might fix your problem with list control by using a longer tab. My former Revenge 22 had Bennett's "sport tabs" made for "go fast boats" which were narrow and long and had dual hydraulic actuators. They worked quite well and fit in the narrow space on the transom and were mounted pretty close to center. No problem correcting list even the strongest of winds. |
macfam |
posted 11-16-2004 08:51 AM ET (US)
Peter, That may be the solution, thanks. I've been correcting for list "the old fashion way", yelling HEY YOU!!! GET OVER TO THE OTHER SIDE OF THE BOAT, AND TAKE THE COOLER WITH YOU!!! Seems to work pretty good. |
kingfish |
posted 11-16-2004 09:05 AM ET (US)
macfam- That is a heck of a lot cheaper solution than my trim tabs, (but I still like them). Shiela- If you give serious consideration to trim tabs, check out Lenco electric tabs along with anything else you look at. Less hardware and easier to install, crisper response. There is a fair number of threads on the pros and cons of electric vs. hydraulic tabs in the archives if you search. John |
kingfish |
posted 11-16-2004 09:12 AM ET (US)
Oops! That would be, "Sheila". Sorry... |
Sheila |
posted 11-16-2004 12:05 PM ET (US)
Peter, thanks for the advice. Kingfish, the trim tabs are already on the boat. I'm just trying to learn how to use them properly. And no worries about the spelling. An easy way to remember: |
kingfish |
posted 11-16-2004 02:17 PM ET (US)
Ah so; you said you already have tabs in your initial post to this thread - how embarasking! |
where2 |
posted 11-16-2004 10:27 PM ET (US)
A Whaler Drive is No replacement for Trim Tabs! (I could tell you stories about our 25' Frontier at work...) The Bennett tabs you have will work well. If you experience problems with their function in the years to come, it will usually be with either the dash switch, or the harness at the pump unit. One thing to put on your wish list will be the "Bennett Trimdicators®". They seem silly and much like overkill when you first consider them. "Why do I need a gauge to tell me where the tab is? Can't I just feel the boat and know whether I have too much tab down?" However, after you become acclimated to using them, they help you trim the boat back to the "sweet spot" time and time again. They also allow you to look at a dash gauge and determine whether the tabs are up or down before you punch the throttle and try to put the boat up on plane. If you intend to leave the boat in the water frequently, the "automatic tab retractors" become a nice option. You don't want sea life growing on the hydraulic shafts when you leave the tabs deployed. The tab retractors are similar in concept to the "auto parking" function of the windshield wiper on most modern cars. You flip the switch off, and the motor runs long enough to put the thing away. |
macfam |
posted 11-16-2004 10:45 PM ET (US)
Sheila, Point of clarity: I have a 25' Revenge Walk-thru, not a Walk-Around. You still want pics? |
jimh |
posted 11-16-2004 11:55 PM ET (US)
I'm with LHG. If you have a Whaler Drive, you have essentially one giant trim tab. At least with regard to trying to trim the bow up or down. Trimming for side-to-side, well, no, the Whaler Drive is not going to help. But it really seems to affect the ability of the engines to apply trim to the bow, and in this sense when you are trying to trim the bow UP. It is rather hard to get the bow of a boat with a Whaler Drive to ride too high. If you trim the engine out to try to push the bow up, you end up trying to push the Whaler Drive down into the water. It won't go very far. The bow won't come up very high. The Whaler Drive is acting like a big trim tab. Most of the Whaler Drive boats I have seen on plane tend to ride with the bow rather low. Most of the hull is in the water. You cannot get too much bow lift by trimming because of the effect of the Whaler Drive. Whaler Drive boats tend to "slide" up on plane--very little bow rise. Again, I think it is the Whaler Drive acting like a big trim tab. |
Sheila |
posted 11-17-2004 02:07 AM ET (US)
Macfam, I'd love to see them. Jimh, could you clarify for me, please? My boat has an outboard motor. Would it have Whaler Drive? I am very, very new to all this. Thanks. |
macfam |
posted 11-17-2004 08:29 AM ET (US)
Sheila, I'm sure you've noticed some boats with outboard motor(s) mounted on a "bracket" that extends a couple of feet behind the transom of the boat. Other boats, probably yours, has the engine mounted directly to the transom. That section of the transom is usually "cut out" where the engine is mounted. The boats with the brackets have some advantages. Back in the 80's, Boston Whaler produced their own version of these brackets, known as Whaler-Drive. It's a permanently fixed appendage, behind the transom to which the engine(s) are mounted. The vast majority of these installations are twin engines. Take a look at the Cetacea section of this website, page 63. I'll get some pictures of my boat to ya soon. Macfam |
Peter |
posted 11-17-2004 08:55 AM ET (US)
Sheila, if I recall correctly, your boat does not have a Whaler Drive, which is a bracket attached to the transom of the boat. Your boat has what is called a notched transom. Trim tabs are difficult if not impossible to install on Whaler Drives. Jim, I still don't understand why one would call a Whaler Drive "one big trim tab". Rather, I view the Whaler Drive as simply an extension of the hull taken from the original transom which relocates the "transom" and the motor(s) hanging thereon 2 or 3 feet further back depending on the model. I think your trimming and attitude observations have more to do with the bouyancy of the Whaler Drive and the location of the center of gravity than hydrodynamic "trim tab" effects of the Whaler Drive. The Whaler Drive versions of the 22 and 25 were meant to have 800 to 900 lbs of outboards hanging on the relocated transom. When you put a single engine on a WD, you only have about half the weight that was intended to be there. In such case, the center of gravity of the boat is going to be further forward making it more difficult to trim the bow up. Every Revenge 22 WD that I've seen with a single outboard appears to rides bow low because I believe there isn't enough weight on the Whaler Drive to counter its bouyancy. The results from trimming the motor on a Whaler Drive model with the proper amount of weight on it versus a notched transom model are really no different in my experience. On my 27, when advancing onto plane, the bow rises up just like it did in the case of my 22 Revenge, notched transom, perhaps even more so because angle of the bow entry is less sharp on the 27 than it is on the 22. I have no problem getting the bow out of the water while on plane. |
kingfish |
posted 11-17-2004 09:43 AM ET (US)
For what it's worth, trim tabs were never designed to nor able to bring the bow *up*. They're designed to (and do) give added capacity from a no-tab condition, to bring the *stern* up which in turn brings the bow *down*, at will. Since they are typically operated independently, they can bring the stern up more on one side than on the other, which provides the ability to adjust lateral trim. I understand with twin motors, both on brackets and on a notched transom, the attitude or trim of the motors can be adjusted independently too, enough to provide some lateral trim for the boat. My contention is though that to do so without tabs, or to adjust the boats fore and aft attitude with just the motor(s), while sometimes preferable or necessary, adversely affects the performance and efficiency of the motor(s), much more so than by maintaining similar and neutral trim with the motor(s) and trimming with tabs. Even with a bracket or a "mega" bracket like a Whaler Drive, tabs (if there is room for installation) add options for performance that are not there in the absence of tabs.
|
Peter |
posted 11-17-2004 10:00 AM ET (US)
I find that you can get a little lateral trimming effect with independent motor trim, but its no replacement for tabs, particularly when the seas get rough. |
LHG |
posted 11-17-2004 11:31 AM ET (US)
My comments about the Whaler Drive acting like a giant single trim tab, i.e. "stern lifter", which as Kingfish says, is really what they do, I think is accurate. As JimH and Peter note, the ability to correct side to side list is not a part of this description. I guess there are two ways of looking at it. Peter prefers to simply consider it an extension of the hull, say, turning a 22 Outrage/Revenge into a 24' boat. So that would mean the 22 now planes off like a conventional 25 would, and runs at a similar attitude. My experience is that the 22 WD planes off with less "dig" than the 25 notched transom does, but I still think this argument is reasonable. The Whaler Drive is almost an extension of the hull, but not quite, as it is slightly higher than the hull bottom itself. The other way of looking at it is in comparison to my Armstrong bracketed 25 Outrage vs a WD 25 Outrage/Revenge. |
kingfish |
posted 11-17-2004 02:05 PM ET (US)
I've got it on tape!! |
LHG |
posted 11-17-2004 02:36 PM ET (US)
I knew you wouldn't miss that one, John. I don't think Backlash will either. But I'm still not going to pour molten epoxy into a scooped out transom after your story!! Correction in above. Should read "I think a WD is 10 MPH slower top end than same boat WITHOUT WD and with bracket, with same power." |
Sheila |
posted 11-17-2004 03:21 PM ET (US)
Thanks, MacFam, for your patient explanation of what, exactly, a Whaler Drive is. The photos made it even more clear for me, and yes, we have a notched transom. And everyone, this discussion will help us get the "feel" for using the trim tabs. And, though many of you may think it, thanks for not saying, "what a stupid woman!" |
13_Dauntless |
posted 11-18-2004 10:33 AM ET (US)
Sheila, My name is Christian and I work for Bennett Marine. The forum members have already given you some sound advice for using your trim tabs, but it may also be helpful for you to download a new Bennett owner's manual. Download here: http://www.bennetttrimtabs.com/ownman.pdf See pages 3 and 4 to a quick lesson on how to best utilize your trim tabs. Christian Redditt |
Sheila |
posted 11-18-2004 03:32 PM ET (US)
Thank you, Christian. The seller provided us with a big ol' stack of manuals, but a trim tab manual wasn't included. I'm downloading it now. Thanks all for the advice. Question: When the seller ran down operations with us, he didn't really mention trimming the motor. He focused on using the tabs. Any specific words on integrating the two processes? |
Sheila |
posted 11-18-2004 03:33 PM ET (US)
Thank you, Christian. The seller provided us with a big ol' stack of manuals, but a trim tab manual wasn't included. I'm downloading it now. Thanks all for the advice. Question: When the seller ran down operations with us, he didn't really mention trimming the motor. He focused on using the tabs. Any specific words on integrating the two processes? |
13_Dauntless |
posted 11-18-2004 04:45 PM ET (US)
Sheila, It is more efficient to adjust the boat's attitude using trim tabs than it is to trim the outboards. Optimum efficiency on most all outboard powered boats is acheived when the propeller thrust is aimed straight back--parallel to the water surface. If the prop is aimed up or down you are losing some forward thrust. With trim tabs, you can control the attitude (raise/lower the bow) by using the trim tabs, while keeping your props trimmmed parallel to the water surface. The follwing is copied and pasted from our website. Hopefully this isn't misconstrued as an adverstisement for trim tabs, but I thought it would be help answer your question: TRIM TABS AND POWER TRIM Power trim can be used to adjust the boat's attitude, but it is highly inefficient. A propeller is designed to force the boat forward. When trimming the boat with the prop, the prop must not only push the boat forward but raise the stern as well. In this situation, prop slippage is greatly increased thereby wasting RPM's. Power trim cannot correct listing, and is ineffective at slower speeds. Trim tabs, in combination with power trim, enable both the hull and prop to be trimmed independently. The trim tabs trim the hull, while the power trim adjusts the prop. The result is optimum performance and efficiency not attainable by the use of power trim alone. To achieve maximum performance, first adjust the trim tabs to achieve the desired running attitude. Next, use the power trim to position the propeller thrust parallel to the water flow. If necessary, re-adjust the trim tabs to fine tune the attitude. By observing the boat’s speed and engine RPM's the best combination of trim tabs and power trim will be apparent. Trim tab angle indicators and a power trim angle indicator are particularly useful in duplicating effective settings. Christian |
WSTEFFENS |
posted 11-18-2004 05:09 PM ET (US)
Shelia: I would agree with LHG that the tabs are not necessary on a 25. I even had a 22 WT that didn't need them. However if they are there they are there! I don't know what boat you have. Is it a "cut out" transome or a WD. With twins and CR rotating props the "torque" factor is eliminated. Some times a single was fitted with a "shingle" to over come torque lean.Z Both of the Revenge boats I had were fitted with twins. The 22 did not have counter rotating props. However you did have to play with the T&T (tilt and trim) a little to make it work. It wasn't a problem. Use them (its just another system to mess with) when they go bad ditch them and repair the hull. "Swolmaster" (I think that is how its spelled) was on my 25 WT a year ago last summer in Lake Huron and couldn't believe I didn't need the "Tabs". He is from FLA and sees a lot of big water!. You asked in another post about spare equipment. Other than the usual USCG requirements I would go with Bacdua and keep it simple. I boat on lake "Huron" I keep water and food "canned" for 2 days (why 2 days? a child or "grand child" doesn't understand how bad a sea can get!) by the way only two meals a day (in a pinch) and sufficent clothes (to keep warm)(nobody wants to be cold and hungry!) housed in a 20 quart cooler inside the cabin. (only the clothes are in the under step entrance to the cabin, in the 20 quart). It is amazing that the "Igloo" will keep things dry as well as "cold"!don't understamate it. A tool kit "yea" simple your not going to rebuild and engine on the water. As for the spare "Prop" leave it at home. You are not going to replace it in 6' waves even if you are willing to go for the swim. I have proved without a shadow of a doubt that a spare SS prop is a waste of time and weight as well as space. I did some serious "dredging" east of "Turnbuill" Island in the "North Channel". I basicially "lunched" two gear cases and "skegs" and bent the port engine drive shaft out .38 TIR (total indicated run out). The engines brought me home, with some vibration about 50 miles (statute)! Remember, as you boat, sometimes it is better to "hide " in a cove behind a large rock than make a "run" for home! The surge may be bad but he waves are worse! Also your boat will take more "beating" (physically) than you can. As a final thought, I don't know the geographincal arrangement of the area you are in. If it is rocky, "not gravel", you might want to invest in some "nuts" and "carribiners" (the stuff rock climbers use) makes tying off to rock formations very easy. As for renaming, name it what ever you want. It is superstition!. Besides the "Coast's" like a name on a hull to match with the registration number on the hull if they are looking for you. I wish you the "BEST" WLS |
Sheila |
posted 11-18-2004 08:56 PM ET (US)
Sorry, everyone, for the double post earlier. Christian, thank you for explaining about power trim vs. the tabs. WLS, thanks for your thoughts. The boat is a 25' Revenge Walkaround with a notched transom and a single outboard with a kicker starboard. Does that help? Never thought about using the Igloo to keep stuff dry. What a great idea. |
jimh |
posted 11-18-2004 09:06 PM ET (US)
For explanation of "Whaler Drive" see: http://continuouswave.com/whaler/reference/engineBrackets.html#WD |
WSTEFFENS |
posted 11-18-2004 10:00 PM ET (US)
Shieila" I have three "Igloos" I carry. Two mounted in the cockpit on the gunnels midshps- (60 quart). The are secured by shock coards. One is a line locker on the stbd side the other is the "galley" and storage locker. The "galley" houses a work table that is mounted in one of the fishing rod holders and will mount a 2 burner propane stove. Packed correctly it will store the stove, table (I think it was Magma) 2 cans of fuel a mop and brush set as well as a set of SS pots and pans that nest together along with 2 days of provisions in cans and flat wear for 4. I also have water pruification tablets (yuck) in case I run out of bottled water. The third is mounted in the cabin under the step down to the cabin. The "Igloo" will sustain a teriffic amount of water and keep your "stuff" as George Karlin says dry (I have flooded the Cabin!). They also really float well. You can use them as a throw-able to a boater in distress. A true mulit tasker. I keep my beach towels swim suits and sun protection gear and rain suits in the locker in the cabin. I use the lockers under the bunks for the running top and "linnens" When I go out very far I always carry a "day" bag. IMHOP the Igloo is the most underated property on a whaler. It makes great storage, "works as a cooler" as asked, keeps things dry and safe and is a "life saver" if called uppon. And with the "cushion" you get another seat! Again, have "Fun" with your new boat! Later |
WSTEFFENS |
posted 11-18-2004 10:45 PM ET (US)
Sheila: As a follow up. Do not put anything heavy in the bow line locker. It will break the rather "weak" bulkhead and seal between it and the cabin. Hence a "leak". The drains for the locker are rather small and if slightly blocked will not function! The drains come out of the hull just in the Upper "smirk" and are I think PVC. They are rather small. As a side, I was towing thru "Detroit" (other wise known as "mug" city) about 10 years ago. I hit a "pot hole" so large on the "Lodge" that the cover on the forward line locker came open to full extent. I couldn't believe it. I had to tow for about 20 miles before I could stop and correct the situation. Best WLS |
Backlash |
posted 11-19-2004 09:24 AM ET (US)
Sheila, By all means keep the trim tabs. IMO they are the single biggest performance improvement you can make to almost any boat. There is a learning curve involved in using them properly and once mastered, you will never want to go back to using only engine trim to adjust boat attitude. Christian summed it up very nicely...It is more efficient to adjust the boat's attitude using trim tabs than it is to trim the outboards. Optimum efficiency on most all outboard powered boats is acheived when the propeller thrust is aimed straight back--parallel to the water surface. If the prop is aimed up or down you are losing some forward thrust. With trim tabs, you can control the attitude (raise/lower the bow) by using the trim tabs, while keeping your props trimmmed parallel to the water surface. On my 21' Walkaround, I normally adjust the engine trim so the prop thrust is parallel to the hull bottom and leave it there. I then adjust the boat's attitude with the trim tabs. Larry, WOW! I thought my eyes were playing tricks on me... quote:I couldn't have said it better myself! In all due respect to our good friend John, I'm not sure the "molten epoxy" approach was necessary in his very elaborate and immaculate trim tab installation on Outré. Steve |
JMARTIN |
posted 11-23-2004 08:17 PM ET (US)
Sheilas post on trim tabs got me thinking that they might improve my 1983 V-22 Revenge. I did a trim tab search and read untill I was cross-eyed, but still ended up with a few questions. The Revenge has a 1992 200 hp Evinrude and a 1994? 15 hp Evinrude kicker. The boat gets up on plane easy and will stay on plane at about 2800 rpm. The stern seems to squat down and throw out quite a bit of spray, enough to smack around the downrigger arms if I leave them attatched. Old manual Penn non swivel downriggers. I cruise at about 3500 rpm and the GPS shows 28 mph. I am burning about 9 gallons an hour at cruise. I tend to trim the motor up quite a bit when it is calm out at cruise. Questions, will trim tabs help fuel economy? I read where tabs lift the stern. Will this help the boat or is this hull designed to run in sort of a bow up attitude? I looked at John's (kingfish) pictures of his 22 Outrage and like the clean Lenco 12x12E installation that he did. That is what I am considering. The boat will sort of lean into the wind and I can see how tabs would help out with that situation, but is 500 bucks and more holes in the stern going to be worthwhile? I also want a flo-scan fuel gauge and new swivel based electric downriggers and the wife considers the boat to be just a hole in the water, surrounded by fiberglass, into which I insert money. If tabs will save me money on fuel, maybe I can get some more goodies to put on the boat this winter. John |
Sal DiMercurio |
posted 11-23-2004 08:53 PM ET (US)
Those engines are not shy about using fuel but tabs will force the bow down creating a much wetter bottom, thus less fuel economy. The more air you get under the boat, the less the wet surface & more speed with less effort = better fuel economy. Sal |
Sheila |
posted 11-24-2004 12:13 AM ET (US)
If you look at the thread I started in the "performance" forum, you'll find a post from 13_dauntless. He's a Bennett rep. and provides his email. Perhaps you could email him with your questions and see what he has to say? For what it's worth, when the seller of our boat was reviewing the use of the trim tabs with us, he talked about softening the ride, not about fuel economy. However, the propeller will work more efficiently when it's parallel, more or less, to the water line--so I'm told. So if you can do your trimming with tabs, rather than the power trim, that shouldn't hurt. |
kingfish |
posted 11-24-2004 08:23 AM ET (US)
Echo that - trim tab's primary purpose is not to increase gas mileage but to increase comfort and control. Very rare to even use the tabs at high planing speeds on a Whaler, except to just "touch" the water if your boat tends to porpoise. Having said that, at least at lower planing speeds (semi-planing speeds?), there is certainly some point where the ability the tabs allow to stay on plane more slowly, would have to give some fuel economy over "plowing" bow high. |
macfam |
posted 11-24-2004 10:48 AM ET (US)
JMARTIN, I think Sal, Sheila and kingfish, all have contributed the right message. I have the 25' Revenge Walk-thru, with tabs. Generally speaking, when applying tabs, I have a rpm DECREASE, and with tabs-up, a rpm INCREASE. But the comfort difference can be dramatic. As Sal states the milage is so darn lousy anyway, I'll trade of 2.5 mpg to 2.2 mpg for comfort. I had a 1982 V-20 Revenge. If I knew then what difference the tabs make, I would have put them on. I wish I had. End's up, the 25' Walk-thru is the "perfect" boat for our needs. Love then tabs!!! Then I convinced her we needed a 13' Super Sport.....go figure.... |
JMARTIN |
posted 11-24-2004 02:08 PM ET (US)
Thanks for the replies, now lets see if I am correct in my assumptions. Like Sal said, I get max fuel economy at plane when I trim up the engine, trying to lift up the bow. I have never had any trouble getting the bow down. If I had tabs and trimmed the engine so it's thrust was more parallel, the tabs will do nothing to get the bow up. In rougher seas, I could use the tabs to help the boat plane at slower speeds and soften the ride. In wind I could use the tabs to correct the lean. What I need is something to help lift the bow up when I am on plane, maybe a fin on the engine? John |
kingfish |
posted 11-24-2004 02:13 PM ET (US)
To my knowledge, the realm of discussion you're entering into now is "bow lift"; a whole 'nother thing from what tabs can or will do. Lots of stuff in the archives about bow lift I think, but simply stated shift ballast to the stern, trim motor up (away from the transom), and beyond that it's finding the prop with the most bite to allow higher motor trim without blowout. |
JMARTIN |
posted 11-24-2004 04:36 PM ET (US)
Bingo, I think you have steered my in the correct direction. After searching bow lift, I think a different prop will be the ticket to better performance. I do not want to shift ballast toward the stern like batteries and gear. I like an uncluttered deck. Slippage or cavataion is a problem when I trim up too far or it starts getting bumpy. When I get the boat back from the motor doctor, I will look at engine height and what prop is currently on old smokey. Thanks again, John |
kingfish |
posted 11-24-2004 05:02 PM ET (US)
You're very welcome John - I guess how you could describe what trim tabs provide, as opposed to what I think you're primarily looking for, is "stern lift". |
jimh |
posted 11-24-2004 10:29 PM ET (US)
[Consolidated concurrent threads on same topic.] Trim Tabs can only make the bow go down, never up, unless it already wants to go up and the tab is holding it down. Tabs are useful for correcting a list in the hull that often results if running in a cross wind. If you are getting 28 MPH and 9 GPH, that is over 3 MPG. That is great fuel economy from a two-stroke 200-HP motor. I would not touch a thing. You have it dialed in already! |
jimh |
posted 07-24-2005 10:36 AM ET (US)
[Separated new topic to its own thread.] |
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